Secure Medicament Dispensing Cabinet, Method and System

ABSTRACT

A medicament dispensing cabinet is comprised of a frame, at least one controller, and a plurality of drawers each movably carried by the frame and each defining a plurality of dispensing cells. A plurality of removable dispensing devices is provided with each one carried by one of the dispensing cells. Each of the dispensing cells further comprises a motor for providing rotary motion to one of the removable dispensing devices in response to the controller, a sensor operating in conjunction with the controller for counting medicament dispensed from one of the removable dispensing devices, a chute for receiving medicament dispensed from one of the removable dispensing devices and a chute gate for controlling access to the chute. The cabinet may additionally comprise a chute gate release responsive to the controller for controlling the chute gate and a chute gate sensor connected to the controller and responsive to the position of the chute gate. The cabinet may be used in conjunction with a number of processes including dispensing, secure-pickup (insuring the person picking up the dispensed medicament is authorized to do so), back-end verification (verifying the identity of the person picking up the dispensed medicament), a process for removing a dispensing device from a drawer, and a process for inserting a dispensing device into a drawer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/637,867, filed Aug. 8, 2003, which claims priority from U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 60/402,282 filed Aug. 9, 2002 entitledDrug Cartridge and Cabinet for Holding the Same, the entirety of whichis hereby incorporated by reference, and U.S. provisional applicationSer. No. 60/458,160 filed Mar. 27, 2003 entitled Secure MedicamentDispensing Cabinet, Method and System, the entirety of which is herebyincorporated by reference. The present application is related to U.S.Pat. No. 7,014,063 issued Mar. 31, 2006 and entitled Dispensing Devicehaving A storage Chamber, Dispensing Chamber and Feed RegulatorTherebetween and U.S. Pat. No. 7,077,286 issued Jul. 18, 2006 andentitled Drug Dispensing Cabinet Having A Drawer Interlink,Counterbalance And Locking System.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is broadly concerned with using a dispensercarried in a locking drawer of a storage cabinet to insure patientprescriptions are filled with the proper medicament and the pharmacyworker replenishes and maintains the dispenser with the propermedicament while also tracking medicament inventory quantities and othermedicament specific information for each patient prescription.

Over the years, the pharmacy industry has matured into an industry thatdispenses medicament to patients from bulk stock bottles to keep up withthe ever increasing demand of new medicaments, treatment plans andregimens, and more patients. These increased supply demands haveoccurred in the pharmacy industry while a significant decrease inpharmacies was occurring as a result of pharmacy consolidation andacquisitions. An ever present pressure exists within the pharmacy toreduce dispensing costs and drive down the overall cost of patientprescriptions while maintaining the highest prescription quality leveland minimizing medication errors.

Medicament dispensing equipment has been employed by pharmacies toincrease the pharmacy staff productivity, insure quality and reliabilityof prescriptions filled for patients, and drive down prescriptionfilling costs. The primary approach used in pharmacies has been todeploy medicament dispensing equipment for the highest volumemedicaments dispensed within a pharmacy. As a pharmacy's prescriptionvolume increases, additional medicament is placed in the dispensingequipment to further reduce costs, and increase productivity of thepharmacy personnel.

This approach to deploying dispensing equipment works due to the factthat prescription dispensing is not linear across all medicamentsstocked by a pharmacy. A typical pharmacy may carry approximately 1500unique bulk medicaments that will be repackaged into smaller patientprescription quantities by the pharmacy workers. A small fraction ofthese bulk medicaments represent a high percentage of dispensed patientprescriptions. This allows the pharmacy to utilize automatic medicamentdispensing equipment for this small fraction of the total formulary togreatly reduce the patient prescription dispensing time. By usingmedicament dispensing equipment, the actual patient waiting times arereduced while increasing the customer satisfaction and reducing thepharmacy labor costs.

Current medicament dispensing solutions include those produced by theassignee under the trade name of Baker Cell™ and Baker Cassette™ andshown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,111,332 and 4,869,394. The Baker Cell™ placeseach medicament in a dispenser hopper attached to a dispensing unit foruse by high volume pharmacies where speed of dispensing a specificformulary is desired. The Baker Cassette™ places each medicament in aseparate drug cartridge sharing a common dispensing unit and is used bylow to medium volume pharmacies.

A medicament dispensing solution available from Innovation Associates,sold under the trade name of PharmAssist™ and shown in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,907,493 and 5,884,806, places each medicament in a separate dispensingunit. The medicament container is an integral part of the dispensingunit which cannot be removed for cleaning, maintenance, or replenishmentat a workstation that allows easier access to the bulk medicament storedseparate from the dispensing units and to allow the other dispensingunits co-located in a common drawer to be returned to an operabledispensing condition. The PharmAssist™ dispensing cell has anannunciator LED for indicating to the pharmacy technician whichdispensing cell has completed its dispensing process and is ready forthe pharmacy technician to retrieve. However, in a high volume pharmacywhere the equipment is installed, the pharmacy must rely upon severalpharmacy technicians and pharmacists to handle the workload. In thesehigh volume pharmacies, the dispensing cell annunciator LED isinadequate to insure the correct pharmacy worker retrieves themedicament from the dispensing cell for a specific patient prescription;leading to a potential medication error.

A medicament dispensing solution available from ScriptPro, sold underthe trade name ScriptPro200™ and shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,897,024 and6,161,721, places each medicament in a separate dispensing cell and usesa robotic vial manipulator and dispensing unit. The dispensing unit isbrought to the dispensing cell by the robotic vial manipulator formedicament dispensing.

In today's pharmacy, the medicament dispensing systems must continue todispense medicament while being maintained and replenished withmedicament from bulk stock bottles. These dispensing systems aresimultaneously operated by several pharmacy workers performing differenttasks. Several pharmacy technicians and pharmacists may be using themedicament dispensing system at the same time to dispense patientprescriptions. The pharmacy inventory specialist or pharmacy techniciansmay be replenishing the depleted dispensing cells with medicament underthe supervision of the pharmacist. Other dispensing cells may requirecleaning or maintenance to insure optimal performance.

To efficiently dispense patient prescriptions, the dispensing equipmentmust inform the pharmacy workers of the current state of each dispensingcell. The pharmacy workers must be informed when each dispensing cellhas completed the dispensing of a patient's prescription and clearlyidentify which pharmacy worker should retrieve the medicament from thedispensing cell. Likewise, the pharmacy workers must be informed whenthe drug cartridge or dispensing cell requires maintenance that mayoccur while operating, or due to cleaning intervals based on aprescribed time interval or quantity of medicament dispensed by thedispensing cell.

The present medicament dispensing systems are limited in their abilityto operate in pharmacies requiring each patient prescription retrievedfrom the dispensing unit to be verified and recorded as to the pharmacyworker performing the operation. These medicament dispensing systemslack the ability to operate efficiently when utilized by severalpharmacy workers retrieving patient prescriptions from the dispensingunit or when replenishing or maintaining the dispensing cells becausethe medicament dispensing system must restrict access to a singledispensing cell at a time to insure the pharmacy worker access.

The present medicament dispensing systems do not include a method ofoperating the medicament dispensing equipment to insure properreplenishment from bulk medicament in stock bottles by an authorizedpharmacy worker while tracking the medicament specifics for batchinformation, lot number and expiration dates.

The dispensing equipment must insure it is properly replenished withmedicament by the pharmacy worker as directed by the dispensingcomputer. The dispensing computer must record and verify the pharmacyworker, drug cartridge, and bulk medicament specifics to insure theproper medicament is poured from the bulk medicament stock bottle intothe drug cartridge.

The dispensing computer must provide a process of verification andauthentication to insure the drug cartridge is replenished with theproper bulk medicament and restrict the replenishment to authorizedpersonnel only. The dispensing computer should provide a productverification step that allows the pharmacist to delegate the inventoryand replenishment tasks to a trained pharmacy technician while knowingthat accidental replenishment mistakes will be detected and thedispensing computer will then prevent further prescription filling fromthe dispensing cell and drug cartridge until the problem has beencorrected by the pharmacist.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a medicament dispensing cabinetcomprising a frame, at least one controller, and a plurality of drawerseach movably carried by the frame and each defining a plurality ofdispensing cells. A plurality of removable dispensing devices isprovided with each one carried by one of the dispensing cells. Each ofthe dispensing cells further comprises a motor for providing rotarymotion to one of the removable dispensing devices in response to thecontroller, a sensor operating in conjunction with the controller forcounting medicament dispensed from one of the removable dispensingdevices, a chute for receiving medicament dispensed from one of theremovable dispensing devices and a chute gate for controlling access tothe chute. The cabinet may additionally comprise a chute gate releaseresponsive to the controller for controlling the chute gate and a chutegate sensor connected to the controller and responsive to the positionof the chute gate.

Other embodiments of the invention include providing each drawer with anelectronically controlled lock responsive to the controller, a drawerposition sensor connected to the controller and responsive to theposition of the drawer, and a drawer release switch operable by a userand connected to the controller. Each dispensing device may additionallycomprise a lid, and wherein each dispensing cell additionally comprisesa dispensing device sensor connected to the controller and responsive tothe presence or absence of the lid from its home position.

Each dispensing cell may additionally comprise a cell display responsiveto the controller for providing various information to a user. Eachdispensing cell may additionally carry a machine readable indicia andwherein each removable device also carries a machine readable indiciafor use in various methods such as restocking, servicing, etc.

Other embodiments of the present invention include providing acounterbalance, and wherein each of the drawers is responsive to thecounterbalance such that only one drawer can be fully open at a time.The drawers may be carried by drawer glides mounted at an angle withrespect to the frame.

The present invention is also directed to various methods of operationincluding dispensing an amount of medicament into a chute, inputtinginformation identifying a person requesting access to the dispensedmedicament, determining if the person requesting access may pick up thedispensed medicament, and selectively releasing a chute gate in responseto the determining. The process of determining may include determiningif the person requesting access is the same as the person initiating thedispensing or if the person has authority to pick up medicament for theperson initiating the dispensing. The method may additionally compriseinputting information identifying the person picking up the dispensedmedication after the medicament has been picked up and/or inputtinginformation identifying the dispenser which has performed thedispensing.

Another method of the present invention comprises identifying adispenser which requires service, inputting user information,determining if the user has authority to access all dispensers in thedrawer carrying the dispenser requiring service and, if so, issuing anunlock command for the drawer carrying the dispenser requiring service.The process further comprises awaiting receipt of a signal from a drawerunlock switch and, upon receipt of that signal, monitoring a dispensingdevice switch to insure that the dispenser requiring service is thedispenser removed or accessed (e.g., the lid is opened). Finally adrawer position switch is monitored to determine when the drawer isclosed. The service may include cleaning, stocking, and maintenance.

Another method of the present invention comprises identifying adispenser which requires insertion into a drawer, inputting userinformation, determining if the user has authority to access alldispensers in the drawer into which the dispenser is to be inserted and,if so, issuing an unlock command for the drawer. The process furthercomprises awaiting receipt of a signal from a drawer unlock switch and,upon receipt of that signal, monitoring a dispensing device switch toinsure that the dispenser is inserted into the proper position. Finallya drawer position switch is monitored to determine when the drawer isclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the present invention to be easily understood and readily practiced,the present invention will now be described, for purposes ofillustration and not limitation, in conjunction with the followingfigures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a medicament dispensing cabinet;

FIG. 2A is a left-front perspective view of a medicament dispensingdrawer with the far left dispensing device removed and the lid opened onthe far right dispensing device;

FIG. 2B illustrates details of the chute, chute gate, and gate release;

FIG. 2C illustrates details of a display, annunciator and a cell label;

FIG. 3A is a left-front perspective view of the medicament dispensingdrawer as shown in FIG. 2 with the instructional fascia panel in theopen position;

FIG. 3B is a bottom view of the medicament dispensing drawer of FIG. 2Awith all three dispensing devices and the shell removed;

FIG. 3C illustrates the motor disc block and cell drop out opening;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view from the top of one embodiment of thedispensing device of the present invention with its lid opened;

FIG. 5 is a top view of the dispensing device shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the dispensing device of FIG. 4;

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the upper hopper and lid;

FIG. 8 is an exploded view of the hopper disc assembly and feedregulator;

FIG. 9A is an exploded, perspective view from the top of the feedregulator;

FIG. 9B is an exploded, perspective view from the bottom of the feedregulator;

FIG. 9C is a perspective view from the top of the feed regulator:

FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of the embodiment of the dispensingdevice of FIG. 4;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view from the bottom of the dispensing deviceof FIG. 4;

FIGS. 12A and 12B are exploded perspective and cross sectional views,respectively, of another embodiment of a dispensing device;

FIGS. 13A and 13B are a side view and a perspective view, respectively,of the upper hopper and feed regulator of the dispensing device shown inFIGS. 12A and 12B;

FIG. 13C illustrates the feed nozzle, trap door valve and float;

FIG. 13D illustrates details of the lid closure;

FIG. 14 illustrates a butterfly valve which may be used in place of thetrap door valve for purposes of regulating feed between the upper hopperand the lower hopper;

FIG. 15A illustrates an automatic guillotine valve and FIG. 15Billustrates a manual guillotine valve, respectively, which may be usedin place of the trap door valve for purposes of regulating feed betweenthe upper hopper and the lower hopper;

FIG. 16 illustrates a conical plunger which may be used in place of thetrap door valve for purposes of regulating feed between the upper hopperand the lower hopper;

FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate variable sized nozzles comprised of twocylinders which may be used in place of the trap door valve for purposesof regulating feed between the upper hopper and the lower hopper;

FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate fixed size nozzles formed of a rotatingcylindrical member;

FIG. 21 illustrates a rotating dose cup which may be used in place ofthe trap door valve for purposes of regulating feed between the upperhopper and the lower hopper;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the dispensing cabinet of FIG. 1 withthe drawers and doors removed;

FIG. 23 is a sectional view of the cabinet taken along the lines III-IIIin FIG. 22;

FIG. 24 illustrates the detail of the drawer interlink and counterbalance system;

FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate the rotatable locking arms used to hold thedrawer in the open position;

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of the drawer of FIG. 1 with thedispensing devices removed;

FIG. 27 is a top view looking down on the drawer of FIG. 26;

FIG. 28 illustrates the details of a locking assembly;

FIG. 29 is an electrical schematic illustrating the cabinet and drawercontrollers and associated electronics;

FIG. 30 is a sectional view taken along the lines A-A of FIG. 27;

FIG. 31 is a front view of the drawer of FIG. 26;

FIG. 32 is a sectional view taken along the lines 32-32 in FIG. 31;

FIG. 33 is a sectional view taken along the lines 33-33 in FIG. 31;

FIG. 34 is a right side view of the drawer of FIG. 26;

FIGS. 35A and 35B illustrate details of an override mechanism forunlocking drawers in the event of a loss of power or controller failure;

FIG. 36 illustrates a typical bulk medicament stock bottle and label;

FIG. 37 illustrates a typical patient prescription label sheet as usedby a pharmacy;

FIG. 38 illustrates a typical pharmacy layout utilizing a medicamentdispensing cabinet of the present invention;

FIG. 39 illustrates a pharmacy computer system and medicament dispensingcabinets;

FIG. 40 illustrates a dispensing computer utilizing a cordless bar codescanner in conjunction with dispensing cabinets and open shelving;

FIG. 41 illustrates a database which may be used in conjunction with thepharmacy computer system shown in FIG. 39;

FIG. 42 is a high level flow chart illustrating a patient prescriptionfilling process;

FIG. 43 is a flow chart illustrating the user security process shown inFIG.

FIG. 44 is a flow chart illustrating the secure pick-up procedure shownin FIG. 42;

FIG. 45 is a flow chart illustrating the back end verification procedureshown in FIG. 42, FIG. 45A is a flow chart illustrating a partial fillprocess, FIG. 45B is a flow chart illustrating a best fit vial sizingprocess and FIG. 45C is a flow chart illustrating a return to stockprocedure;

FIGS. 46A and 46B is a flow chart illustrating the dispensing cell anddispensing device replenishment function;

FIG. 47 is a flow chart illustrating a maintenance function; and

FIG. 48 is a flow chart illustrating an error message routine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a front view of a medicament dispensing cabinet 10 inwhich a dispensing device 12 of the present invention may be used. Themedicament dispensing cabinet 10 is comprised of a plurality ofdispensing drawers 14 each containing three dispensing cells 16. Eachdispensing cell 16 is comprised of certain electrical and mechanicalcomponents (described below) carried by the drawers 14, which cooperatewith a dispensing device 12. Each dispensing cell 16 and dispensingdevice 12 form one type of dispenser although any type of dispenser,such as a Baker Cell, may be carried by drawers 14. It should beapparent to those skilled in the art that the construction of themedicament dispensing cabinet 10 may be modified to contain fewer ormore dispensing drawers 14 to meet different requirements. Also, eachdispensing drawer 14 may be constructed to contain fewer than threedispensing cells 16 or more than three dispensing cells 16. Eachmedicament dispensing cabinet 10 contains a cabinet controller 18contained behind a door 19. The cabinet controller 18 is connected to adispensing computer, filling workstation, embedded controller, or othercontrol device by an interface cable 20 or by a radio frequencyconnection used in conjunction with a device such as a PDA (not shown inFIG. 1). Whenever the term “computer”, “workstation” or the like is usedin this document it should be broadly construed to mean any appropriatetype of control device. Additional medicament dispensing cabinets 10 maybe connected to the dispensing computer or filling workstation by aninterconnect cable 22 connected between successive medicament dispensingcabinets 10 to form a medicament dispensing cabinet system. Allmedicament dispensing cabinets 10 may be controlled by the commondispensing computer or filling workstation. A storage area 24 is locatedin the medicament dispensing cabinet 10 behind a door 25 for storingbulk medicament stock bottles, alternative removable dispensing devices12, or other materials or inventory.

FIG. 2A shows a front-left view of the dispensing drawer 14 (alldispensing drawers 14 being of a similar construction). In the presentembodiment, each dispensing drawer 14 is comprised of three dispensingcells 16 a, 16 b, 16 c and a drawer controller 46 (see, FIG. 3B). Eachdispensing cell 16 contains a removable dispensing device 12 filled withmedicament (not shown in FIG. 2A). In FIG. 2A, the removable dispensingdevice 12 has been removed from the left most dispensing cell 16 a whilethe removable dispensing device 12 in the right most dispensing cell 16c is shown in an opened condition (for restocking). Each dispensingdrawer 14 may also comprise an instruction fascia panel 26, a ledge 28for temporarily holding a prescription vial 30 or bulk medicament stockbottle (not shown). The dispensing drawer's ledge 28 may be used by thepharmacy worker to temporarily place empty or full prescription vials 30while dispensing medicament from another dispensing cell 16 into anotherprescription vial 30.

Each dispensing cell 16 includes a chute 32, chute gate 34 and gaterelease 36, as shown in FIG. 2B. Each dispensing cell 16 also includes acell display 38, annunciators (e.g. LEDs) 40 and a cell label 42 asshown in FIG. 2C. In the present embodiment, the cell display 38consists of three alpha-numeric digits for displaying information to thepharmacy worker while the dispensing cell 16 is operating. It should beapparent to those skilled in the art that the cell display 38 mayinclude additional characters, symbols, pictures, etc. to bettercommunicate with the pharmacy worker. It should also be apparent tothose skilled in the art that the techniques to display information onthe cell display 38 may be varied by the drawer controller in such amanner as to effectively display more than three characters ofinformation to the pharmacy worker. The information display techniquesmay include alternating between multiple message segments consisting ofthree characters, scrolling a message from left to right through thethree digits, or changing the intensity of the display characters whileeither alternating or scrolling the message.

The annunciator LEDs 40 provide immediate status information to thepharmacy worker about the current state of the dispensing cell 16 ordispensing device 12. In the present embodiment, the dispensing cell 16comprises three different annunciators 40 with each annunciatorrepresenting a single state when illuminated. In the present embodiment,the annunciators 40 represent the dispensing cell states of ‘READY’,‘MAINTENANCE’ and ‘ERROR’. Multiple annunciators 40 may be illuminatedat any moment in time. In the present embodiment, the annunciators 40are implemented using independent LEDs. It should be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that the annunciators 40 may also be implementedusing incandescent light bulbs integrated into the cell display, orimplemented with display icons on the cell display 38 which may or maynot comprise a backlight that may be provided by various light sources.Likewise, it should be apparent that additional annunciators 40 may beadded to the dispensing cell 16 to present other information to thepharmacy worker. The cell display 38 and annunciators 40 are connectedto and controlled by the drawer controller 46 (shown in FIG. 29).

The cell label 42 is attached to the front of each dispensing cell 16and provides a visual and a machine readable representation, i.e., barcode indicia 44, of the medicament contained in the removable dispensingdevice 12 of the dispensing cell 16. In the alternative, a display thatpresents a picture of the product, a sample of the product or a barcode,may be used. The dispensing cell bar code indicia 44 uniquely identifiesthe dispensing cell 16 to the dispensing computer or other systemcomponents for purposes discussed below. The cell label 42 also containstextual information representing the medicament in the removabledispensing device 12. This textual information identifies the medicamentto the pharmacy worker and may comprise one or more of the following: adrug number (i.e. either a U.S. National Drug Code (NDC) or CanadianDrug Identification Number (DIN)), a drug name, a generic drug name, adrug strength and dosage form, a manufacturer and a distributor, amongothers, which represents some or all of the same textual informationshown on a bulk medicament stock bottle used to fill dispensing device12. The cell label 42 may also comprise textual information representinga unique drug identification number (e.g., NDC or pharmacy generated ID)to create a unique representation for a medicament that may be suppliedunder the same drug number but having several different physicalrepresentations due to different manufacturers, size variations, colorvariations or imprints, among others. The cell label 42 may furthercomprise a photographic image or illustration of the medicament to allowthe pharmacy worker a visual means to verify the medicament dispensedfrom the removable dispensing device 12 and dispensing cell 16.

The cabinet controller 18 (See FIG. 1) is connected to the drawercontroller 46 (See FIG. 3B) located in each drawer 14 by an electricalor optical cable or any wireless means to communicate instructions anddata. The cabinet controller 18 receives instructions from thedispensing computer or filling workstation and determines theappropriate drawer controller 46 and dispensing cell 16. Theinstructions or data are then forwarded to the appropriate drawercontroller 46 by the cabinet controller 18 for further processing. Afterthe drawer controller 46 has executed the instruction or processed thedata, the drawer controller 46 responds to the cabinet controller 18.The cabinet controller 18 in turn responds to the dispensing computer orother control device. While the cabinet controller 18 and drawercontrollers 46 are described as separate components, it should beapparent to those skilled in the art that the cabinet controller 18 anddrawer controller 46 may be combined in various ways, and with functionsshifted among them. Additionally, duplicate components are also intendedto be within the scope of the present invention. For example, eachdispensing cell 16 may consist of its own controller connected to thecabinet controller 18 or directly to the dispensing computer or othercontrol device.

FIG. 3A is a left-front perspective view of a dispensing drawer 14 withthe instruction panel 26 lowered to provide easier access when removingthe removable dispensing devices 12 from the dispensing cell 16. Also,the removable dispensing device 12 has been removed from the firstdispensing cell 16 a. Each dispensing cell 16 further comprises a pairof alignment sockets 50 that mate with alignment pins (discussed below)on the removable dispensing device 12 to properly orient and center theremovable dispensing device 12 onto the dispensing cell 16. Those ofordinary skill in the art will recognize that other devices foralignment may be used while remaining within the scope of the invention.A motor drive block 54 (See FIG. 3C) driven by a motor 55 (See FIG. 3B)engages a hopper disk (discussed below) located within the removabledispensing device 12 which is rotated to dispense medicament from theremovable dispensing device 12. The motor drive block may be allowed to“float” to allow for misalignment. As the motor drive block 54 andhopper disk rotate, the medicament falls from the dispensing device 12through a dispensing cell drop out opening 56 and passes in front of amedicament sensor 57 (See FIG. 3C). As the medicament passes in front ofthe medicament sensor 57, the medicament is counted by the drawercontroller 46. The dispensed medicament is temporarily stored in thedispensing cell's chute 32 awaiting retrieval by the pharmacy worker.

Once the medicament is dispensed into the chute 32, the pharmacy workermay release the medicament into the prescription vial 30 by pressing thegate release 36 which will actuate a gate actuator 58 thus opening thechute gate 34 allowing the medicament to fall into the prescription vial30. The gate actuator 58 slowly opens the chute gate 34 to prevent themedicament from spilling over the top of the prescription vial 30. Agate open sensor 59 provides feedback to the drawer controller 46 toindicate the current position of the chute gate 34, which may simply bean ‘open’ or ‘closed’ indication. When the gate release 36 is activated,the drawer controller 46 will close the chute gate 34 by operating thegate actuator 58 until the gate open sensor 59 indicates the chute gate34 has returned to the closed position. The chute gate 34 may becomposed of a flexible material to seal the lower end of the chute 32 toprevent any medicament from escaping while being dispensed from theremovable dispensing device 12. The flexible gate material prevents verysmall medicaments from escaping from the chute 32 while being dispensed.In the present embodiment, the gate actuator 58 may be comprised of amotor and cam which lifts the chute gate 34. It should be apparent tothose skilled in the art that other means may be used to lift or slowlyopen the chute gate 34, to thereby open the lower end of the chute 32 toallow medicament to fall from the chute 32 into an awaiting prescriptionvial 30 or other container. For example, an electric solenoid may beused to open the chute gate 34. The electric solenoid could have eithera linear or rotary motion when actuated.

Referring to FIG. 3A, the interior surface of the instruction panel 26comprises tabs and slots for the pharmacy worker to insert a medicamentlot card 60 to record the medicament 62 provided by stock bottle 64 andcontained in the removable dispensing device 12. A pharmacy worker,inventory clerk, or pharmacist, among others, may record date, time,worker initials and other comments while performing routine maintenanceon each dispensing cell 16 or removable dispensing device 12. Themedicament specific information (e.g. lot number and expiration date)from the bulk medicament stock bottle 64 may also be recorded by theworkers.

The dispensing cell 16 further comprises a dispensing device switch 66(see also FIG. 29) which is actuated when the removable dispensingdevice 12 is inserted and its lid 68 is in the closed position. The lid68 of the removable dispensing device 12 contains a tab 70 thatmechanically actuates the switch 66. Likewise, the tab 70 willde-activate the switch 66 when either the lid 68 is opened or theremovable dispensing device 12 is removed from the dispensing cell 16.It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the switch 66 andtab 70 may be implemented in other ways so as to provide information asto the state of the removable dispensing device 12 being inserted intothe dispensing cell 16 or the lid 68 being in the open position. Forexample, an optical or magnetic sensor could replace the mechanicalswitch 66 shown in the present embodiment to detect when the removabledispensing device 12 is inserted or its lid 68 is in the open position.

One embodiment of a dispensing device 12 will now be described inconjunction with FIGS. 4 through 11. In FIG. 4, the dispensing device 12is shown as being comprised of an upper hopper 80 and a lower hopper 82.Positioned between the upper hopper 80 and lower hopper 82 is aregulator (not visible in FIG. 4), sometimes referred to as a feedregulator, as will be described in detail below. FIG. 5 is a top view ofthe embodiment of the dispensing device illustrated in FIG. 4 while FIG.11 is a bottom view of the dispensing device 12 illustrated in FIG. 4.FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the dispensing device 12 illustrated inFIG. 4. FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the upper hopper 80 and lid 68 andFIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the dispensing device 12illustrated in FIG. 4.

Turning now to FIGS. 6, 7 and 10, it will be seen that the upper hopper80 may be comprised of two components, an upper component 84 and a lowercomponent 86 which, when combined define an upper hopper chamber 88. Theupper hopper 80 has an upper opening 90, which may be opened or closeddepending upon the position of the lid 68, and a lower opening 92. Theupper component 84 and the lid 68 may cooperate such that when the lid68 is opened, a chute is formed to enable easy filling of the upperchamber 88. The upper hopper chamber 88 is sized to form a bulk storagearea for storing a plurality of medicament and may have a volume on theorder of 280 drams. The specific components used to form the upperhopper 80 are not important. The significance of the upper hopper 80 isto form the upper chamber 88 which is used for bulk storage ofmedicament.

In FIG. 6, it is seen that the lower hopper 82 is comprised of an upperplatform 94 and a lower platform 96 for containing the various othercomponents comprising the lower hopper 82. Those components include alower hopper shell 98 having an upper opening 95 and a lower opening 97.Positioned within lower opening 97 is a rotating dispensing disc 100.The lower hopper shell 98 defines a dispensing chamber 99 (see FIG. 10)which defines the capacity of the lower hopper 82. The dispensing disc100 is rotatable and has a plurality of grooves 101 formed therein, seenpartially in FIG. 6 and FIG. 10. The lower hopper shell 98 anddispensing disc 100 are connected as shown in FIG. 8 to form a hopperdisc assembly 102.

A feed regulator 105, which in this embodiment is contained within butis not a part of lower hopper 82, is positioned between the upperchamber 88 and dispensing chamber 99 defined by the lower hopper shell98 as will be described. It should be noted, however, that although thefeed regulator in this embodiment is contained within lower hopper 82,in other embodiments, the feed regulator may extend from the bottom ofupper hopper 80, or may be a separate component interposed between upperhopper 80 and lower hopper 82. The purpose of the feed regulator is toregulate the rate at which medicament passes from upper hopper 80 intothe dispensing chamber 99 defined by the lower hopper shell 98, and toinsure a minimum continuous flow between upper hopper 80 and dispensingchamber 99, assuming capacity is available in the dispensing chamber 99which is more likely the case during operation. Also, the specificcomponents used to form the lower hopper 82 are not important. Thesignificance of the lower hopper is to form the dispensing chamber 99proximate to the dispensing disc 100.

In FIG. 6, it will be seen that the lower hopper shell 98 together withthe upper platform 94 define an upper opening 103 into chamber 99. Lowerplatform 96 defines a lower opening 104 through which medicamentdispensed by dispensing disc 100 may exit dispensing device 12.

The regulator 105 of the present embodiment is perhaps best seen inFIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C, which are various views of the components of theregulator 105, while the relationship between the components of theregulator 105 and the lower hopper shell 98 and dispensing disc 100 areperhaps best seen in FIGS. 8 and 10.

As seen in the aforementioned figures, the regulator 105 is comprised ofa cup-shaped member 106 defining a metering section 108. A connectingcollar 110 extends from the bottom of the cup-shaped member 106,although other forms of connection may be used. The connecting collar110 is designed for connection to the rotating disc 100 as shown in FIG.8. When the connecting collar 110 is connected to the rotating disc 100,the cup-shaped member 106 (which grips the sides of feed regulator 105and may also have a detent 113 on collar 110 that fits into a notch 111)rotates with the dispensing disc 100.

A bottom 112 of the metering section 108, seen best in FIG. 9A, is aflat member having a plurality of openings 114 of various sizes formedtherein. The various sized openings 114 are provided to enable meteringor feeding of various sized medicaments. A selection plate 116 having aselection opening 118 is sized to fit within cup-shaped member 106 andcover all of the openings 114 except for one of the openings 114. Aplurality of tabs 120 (see FIG. 9B) extending from the bottom ofselection plate 116 cooperate with an opening 122 (see FIG. 9A)positioned in the center of cup-shaped member 106 to hold the selectionplate 116 firmly in the bottom of the metering section 108. A pluralityof recesses or holes 124 (see FIG. 9B) formed in the bottom of selectionplate 116 cooperate with raised portions or pins 126 (see FIG. 9A) inthe metering section 108 to maintain the selection opening 118 in theproper orientation with respect to the selected one of the plurality ofopenings 114. When the desired opening 114 is selected by lining up theselection opening 118 with the selected one of the plurality of openings114, the selection plate 116 is snapped into position. In that manner,dispensing device 12 can be tailored to dispense medicaments ofdiffering sizes by simply choosing the proper alignment of the selectionopening 118 with the desired one of the plurality of openings 114. Theupper surface of the selection plate 116 may carry a plurality ofstirring devices 128 (see FIG. 9A) which, in the current embodiment, areraised portions or bubble-like structures.

Assembly of the dispensing device 12 is a matter of lining up thevarious components and snapping them together. The selection plate 116is inserted into cup-shaped member 106. The feed regulator 105 ispositioned within lower hopper shell 98 and connected to dispensing disc100. Those components are inserted between upper platform 94 and lowerplatform 96, which may be designed with tabs to enable them to be heldtogether with a snap fit, and aligning tabs in the upper hopper 80 withslots in the upper platform 94 to enable the upper hopper 80 to besnapped onto lower hopper 82 thus enabling the entire device 12 to beeasily and readily assembled, as will be described in greater detail inconjunction with another embodiment of the present invention.

Turning now to FIG. 11, the lower platform 96 may be seen as the device12 is viewed from the bottom. The lower opening 104 may be partiallycovered by a barrier strip 140. Barrier strip 140 permits one medicamentto fall through opening 104 from one groove 101 at a time. A socket 142is designed to receive motor drive block 54 (see FIG. 3C) to enablerotary motion to be imparted to the dispensing disc 100. The provisionof the barrier strip 140 and the imparting of rotary motion to socket142 are known in the art as illustrated, for example, by U.S. Pat. No.4,869,394, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The bottom of lower platform 96 also contains alignment pins 144 whichcooperate with alignment sockets 50 (see FIG. 3C) for properly aligningthe dispensing device 12 within the dispensing cell 16. Finally, thebottom of the dispensing device 12 may carry machine-readable indicia146. In this document, whenever reference is made to machine-readableindicia or a bar code, any type of identification mechanism appropriateunder the circumstances can be employed such as, for example, radiofrequency (RF) tagging of the dispensing devices 12 or, in the case of auser, RF tagging, retinal scanning, scanning finger prints, etc. wouldall be appropriate identification mechanisms.

Another embodiment of a dispensing device 12′ constructed according tothe teachings of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 12 and13. In FIGS. 12 and 13, components identical in construction andoperation to those previously identified are provided with the samereference numerals. In FIG. 12A, the dispensing device 12′ is comprisedof an upper hopper 150 and lid 152 of a similar function, but somewhatdifferent construction, as the upper hopper 80 and lid 68, respectively.The dispensing device 12′ is also comprised of an upper platform 94 andlower platform 96 which contain the lower hopper shell 98 and dispensingdisc 100 as previously described.

Medicament stored in the upper chamber 88 is fed by gravity through afeed nozzle 154 into the dispensing chamber 99. A feed regulator 156restricts the flow of medicament through the nozzle 154 into thedispensing chamber 99 to maintain an optimum medicament quantity levelfor dispensing by the slotted disc 100. The feed regulator 156 iscomprised of a trap door valve 158 pivotally connected to nozzle 154,and further connected to a float 160.

The float 160 is oriented within the hopper disk 102 where the majorityof the medicament concentrates as the dispensing device 12′ operates. Asthe hopper disk 102 rotates in the direction shown by arrow 162, themedicament migrates to the outer edge of the hopper disk 102 and ispulled upward by the slotted dispensing disk 100 and into the vicinityof the float 160. The leading edge of the float 160 is designed todirect the medicament flow underneath the float 160 to thereby allowfloat 160 to “ride on” the medicament. The level of medicament indispensing chamber 99 determines the position of float 160.

As the medicament level in the dispensing hopper disk decreases, thefloat 160 is lowered which opens the valve 158, allowing medicament fromthe upper chamber 88 to flow through the feed nozzle 154 and into thedispensing chamber 99. The valve 158 opens as a result of gravity andthe weight of the medicament. As the medicament level rises, the float160 also rises forcing the valve 158 toward its closed position.

The valve 158 may be designed so that a portion of the feed nozzle 154is never closed by the valve 158 as indicated by numeral 164 andreferred to as the feed regulator primer (See FIG. 13C). The feedregulator primer 164 allows medicament to flow into the dispensingchamber 99 when the upper hopper chamber 88 is initially filled withmedicament. A probe 155, responsive to the valve 158, may be providedfor agitating the medicament as the valve 158 moves up and down.

Another mechanism to allow a small amount of medicament to continuouslyflow into the dispensing chamber 99 as the hopper disc assembly 102operates is to remove a portion 166 of the feed nozzle 154 as shown inFIGS. 12A, 13B, and 13C.

Because of the pivot connection between valve 158 and feed nozzle 154,there is a natural tendency for the valve 158 to remain open under theinfluence of gravity. The valve 158 is closed by the medicament randomlybecoming stacked and layered between the regulator float 160 and disk 99as the medicament rotates inside the hopper disk assembly 102.

The preferred embodiments disclose a dispensing device which eliminatesthe overfilling of the dispensing chamber 99 by virtue of the feedregulators 105, 156 maintaining an ideal quantity of medicament withinthe dispensing chamber 99. When the ideal medicament level is maintainedin the dispensing chamber 99, the dispensing disk 100 is able to operateefficiently and effectively. By maintaining the proper medicament levelin the dispensing chamber 99, the medicament is not crushed, jammed ordamaged by the rotating dispensing disk 100. The medicament is allowedto freely tumble within the rotating hopper disk assembly 102 and isgently agitated into the dispensing disk slots 101 for dispensing.

FIGS. 13A and B illustrate the upper hopper 150 and lid 152. The upperhopper 150 defines an upper hopper area 168 and a lower hopper area 170.The lid 152 is comprised of a first lid part 171 and a second lid part172. The upper hopper 150 is, in general, filled from the top throughthe lid 152 and empties through the feed nozzle 154. The first lid part171 has sides 175 creating a funnel to assist the worker during thereplenishment of the dispensing device 12′ from medicament stockbottles. Ridges 177 on the surface of the first lid part 171 guide themedicament into the upper hopper area 170 while the worker pours themedicament from the medicament stock bottle. The large opening createdby the unique design of the upper hopper 150 and its lid 152 allows theworker to easily pour medicament from all size medicament stock bottlesused in the pharmacy.

To close the lid 152, the worker places the lid parts 171 and 172 in aclosed position and presses down on the rear center of the lid part 172.As seen in FIG. 13B, a pair of curved lid snaps 180 deflect a lip 182outward. The lid snaps 180 snap into a latched position under lip 182while lid sides 175 are restricted from further movement by a pair oflower lid stops 184. The lower lid stops 184 restrict the movement ofthe first lid part 171 into the upper hopper area 168. The worker thenpresses on the front of the second lid part 172 such that a latching tab187 (See FIG. 13D) is deflected by its leading edge and snaps under anupper lid catch 188. When in the latched position, the lid 152 preventsmedicament from exiting the upper hopper chamber 88 while device 12′ isbeing transported.

The upper hopper area 168 and lower hopper area 170 are constructed tocreate a bulk storage chamber without abrupt interior edges or ledgesfor medicament to become lodged in or on. All surfaces of the lowerhopper area 170 are sloped and curved to eliminate edges and ledges thatprevent medicament from flowing into the lower section of the lowerhopper area 170 which becomes the feed nozzle 154. The upper hopper 150relies completely upon gravity to affect medicament flow from the upperhopper area 168 and lower hopper area 170 into the feed nozzle 154.

Turning now to the issue of assembly, as shown in FIG. 12A the float 160is inserted through a center opening in the upper platform 94. Upperhopper latching tabs 194 are aligned with and inserted into slots 192.As the worker presses the latch tabs 194 into the slots 196, the upperhopper 150 is locked to the upper platform 94.

The hopper disk assembly 102 is inserted into the lower platform 96 andthe upper platform 94 is aligned by the worker. An upper platformhousing pin 198 is oriented and aligned with a lower platform socket 200and inserted underneath the platform socket 200. At the same timeplatform latch slots (not shown) align with platform latches 202. Theworker presses the upper platform 94 onto the lower platform 96; theplatform latches 202 are deflected by the platform latch slots and cometo rest behind the slots, latching the two pieces together. Hoppertension springs 204 (Seen best in FIG. 6) located on the upper platform94 maintain a constant pressure between the hopper disk assembly 102 andupper platform 94 once the upper platform 94 is latched to the lowerplatform 96.

A lower hopper sealing ring 206 and hopper spring 208 prevent medicamentinside the dispensing chamber 99 from migrating outside of the device12′ during operation or transportation.

Turning now to FIG. 14, FIG. 14 illustrates a butterfly valve 214 whichmay be used in place of the trap door valve previously described forpurposes of regulating feed between the upper hopper 80 and lower hopper82. The butterfly valve 214 is connected to a rotatable arm 216 which ispositioned within an opening 218 such that upon rotation of the arm 216,the position of the butterfly valve 214 within opening 218 is adjusted.Rotatable arm 216 has a flag portion 220 extending outwardly therefrom.Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that flag portion 220is capable of interacting with medicament held within dispensing chamber99 so as to rotate arm 216. Thus, when the level of medicament is low,the flag 220 points substantially downward thus holding the butterflyvalve 214 in an open position. Conversely, when the level of medicamentin the dispensing chamber 99 is high, the flag 220 begins to move fromthe vertical downward position toward a horizontal position therebymoving the butterfly valve 214 to close the opening 218. The butterflyvalve 214 may be designed such that even in the fully closed position, aportion of the opening 218 remains unblocked by the butterfly valve 214to insure some minimal amount of continuous flow.

In FIG. 15A a guillotine valve 226 is illustrated for controlling theopening 218. The guillotine valve 226 is connected to an arm 228 whichinteracts with the volume of medicament in the dispensing chamber 99 tocontrol the area of the opening 218 that is restricted by the guillotinevalve 226. The guillotine valve 226 is pivotally connected at an angleto the feed nozzle such that it is urged in one direction by gravity andurged in the other direction by arm 228. Guillotine valve 226 may beconfigured or connected such that a portion of the opening 218 is alwaysopen.

FIG. 15B illustrates another type of guillotine valve 230 which may beused to control the opening 218. The guillotine valve 230 in FIG. 15B isadjusted by the user prior to being put into operation. Thus, theguillotine valve of FIG. 15B may be thought of as a fixed valve as it ismanually set by the user and that setting does not change based on thelevel of medicament in the dispensing chamber 99.

FIG. 16 illustrates a conical plunder valve 234 which may be used inplace of the previously described valves. As seen in FIG. 16, theplunger valve 234 is comprised of a cone 236 which is capable of ridingup and down on shaft 238. Shaft 238 is connected to the dispensing disk100. Cone 236 may also carry one or more wings 240, angled in thedirection of motion as shown in FIG. 16. The wing 240 interacts with themedicament present in the dispensing chamber 99. The greater the volumeof medicament in the dispensing chamber 99, the higher the cone 236 onshaft 238, thereby tending to close the opening 218, not shown in FIG.16. Conversely, the lower the level of medicament in the dispensingchamber 99, the lower the cone 236 on shaft 238, such that the cone 236is withdrawn from opening 218 thereby allowing a greater volume ofmedicament to enter the dispensing chamber 99.

FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate variable sized nozzles comprised of twocylinders which may be used in place of the trap door valve for purposesof regulating feed between the upper hopper 80 and the lower hopper 82.In FIG. 17, two cylinders 242 and 244 each have a plurality of openingsformed therein. The cylinders 242 and 244 are capable of nesting withinone another such that upon relative rotation the size of the openings246 can be manually set by the user. FIG. 18 illustrates a similarembodiment. However, cylinders 250 and 252 each have a single openingsuch that the size of an opening 254 can be manually set by the userthrough relative rotation of the cylinders 250 and 252.

FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate fixed size nozzles formed in rotatingcylinder members 260 and 262, respectively, carried by the dispensingdisk 100. The cylinder 260 has an opening 264 formed therein while thecylinder 262 has a larger opening 266 formed therein. The openings 264and 266 are sized to enable a desired volume of medicament to be fed tothe dispensing grooves 101.

FIG. 21 illustrates a rotating dose cup 268 which is connected to androtates with dispensing disk 100. As seen in the figure, the dose cup268 is mounted at an angle e.g. 45°, with respect to the dispensing disk100. Upon rotation of the dispensing disk 100 and dose cup 268 thevolume of medicament fed to the dispensing grooves 101 can becontrolled.

In FIG. 22, a perspective view of the dispensing cabinet 10 isillustrated in which the drawers 14 and the doors 19 and 26 have beenremoved. The dispensing cabinet 10 is comprised of a frame 330. Theframe 330 carries a plurality of shelves 332 equal in number to thenumber of drawers 14. The shelves 332 are each carried by a pair ofdrawer glides 334 which enable the shelves 332 to move between a fullyclosed position, in which the drawer is retracted and positioned withinthe frame 330, and a fully open position in which the shelf 332 extendsoutward from the frame 330. The frame 330 together with the shelves 332define a plurality of drawer openings 336. The shelves 332 and draweropenings 336 are configured so that each shelf may carry a drawer 14. Inthat manner, the drawers 14 can be moved between their fully closed andfully opened positions.

FIG. 23 is a sectional view of the cabinet 10 shown in FIG. 22 takenalong the lines 23-23. As will be seen in FIG. 23, each of the shelves332 is mounted at an angle with respect to the horizontal such that thefront of the shelf, and hence the front of each drawer, is lower thanthe rear of each shelf and the rear of each drawer. Thus, when a draweris moved to its fully open position, it extends downwardly and outwardlyfrom the frame 330, whereas when each drawer is in its fully closedposition, it remains at the same downwardly extending angle, but ismaintained substantially completely within the frame 330. The phrase“substantially completely” refers to the fact that the shelf 332 anddrawer glides 334 are retracted such that no portion of the drawerglides 334 is exposed, even though portions of the drawer 14, as seen inFIG. 1, may extend beyond the frame 330.

Illustrated in FIGS. 23 and 24 is a drawer interlink and counterbalancesystem 340. The interlink and counterbalance system 340 is comprised ofa flexible member 342 having one end connected to a tensional spring 344and another end 346 connected either to the frame 330 or to the drawer14 positioned furthest from the tensional spring 344. As seen in FIG.23, the flexible member 342 runs behind each of the shelves 332.

Referring now to FIG. 24, each shelf 332 carries a guide member 348which travels with the shelf 332 and, as shown in FIG. 24, is positionedto the left of flexible member 342. Positioned above and below eachguide member 348 is an upper roller 350 and lower roller 352, each ofwhich is carried by the frame 330. Once a drawer 14 is unlocked, as willbe described below, the drawer glides 334 enable the shelf 332 to bemoved from the fully closed to the fully open position. As the shelf 332moves from the fully closed position, the guide member 348 engagesflexible member 342 between the upper roller 350 and lower roller 352.As the shelf 332 is moved to its fully open position, the tensionalspring 344 is played out enabling the drawer to move to its fully openposition. The tensional spring 344 exerts a force through member 342which creates counterbalance force 354 opposing the gravitational forceson the drawer 14.

The flexible member 342 is under constant tension by virtue of thetensional spring 344. The force exerted by the tensional spring 344 maybe calculated to support the average weight of a drawer, which isapproximately 23 pounds. Because the guide member 348 pulls the flexiblemember 342 in a manner to cause the flexible member 342 to engage boththe upper roller 350 and lower roller 352, the force of the tensionalspring 344 is doubled. Most of the drawer weight is supported by theframe 330 through drawer glides 334. The outward force component isequal to the sine of the drawer angle 356. The force of the tensionalspring 344 required to support a drawer 14 is found using the formula:F=W*(θ/2) where

F=spring force

W=weight of drawer glides 334+drawer 14

θ=angle of drawer outward slope in degrees.

For example, F=23 pounds*sine (25/2)=4.86 pounds

For a typical pharmacy application, a spring force of between 4.5 and 5pounds will normally be adequate to counterbalance a drawer, includingdrawer glides, weighing approximately 23 pounds. The counterbalanceforce 354 restricts the rate of descent of the drawer, allowing theworker to maintain control of the drawer as it is opened. Furthermore,the counterbalance force 354 also makes it easier to move the drawerfrom its fully opened to its fully closed position. The counterbalanceforce 354 may be generated using other types of devices such as coilsprings, helical springs, leaf springs, weights, pneumatic cylinders,etc.

The system 340 is referred to as an interlink and counterbalance systembecause the flexible member 342 and tensional spring 344 may be sizedsuch that only one drawer 14 may be fully opened at a time, per cabinet10. Thus, the system 340 not only provides a counterbalance force foreach drawer, but provides an interlink between the drawers such thatonly one drawer may be opened at a time.

When the shelf 14 reaches its fully opened position, as shown by thebottom shelf 332 in FIG. 24, the tensional spring 344 has reached itsmaximum extended position. As a result of the counterbalance force 354,the shelf 332 has a tendency to move toward its fully closed position.To counteract the counterbalance force 354, the drawer 14 may be lockedin its fully opened position. As shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B, a pair ofrotatable locking arms 358 (one per side) is provided on each shelf 332just below the drawer glide 334. The rotatable locking arms pivot aboutpivot point 360 and are weighted at one end such that when the shelf 332is in the fully opened position, the rotatable locking arms 358 clearthe drawer glide 334 and pivot about pivot point 360 such that one endof the rotatable locking arm abuts the drawer glide 334 while theopposite end abuts a portion of the shelf 332. In that manner, the shelf332, and hence the drawer, are automatically locked into the fullyopened position as soon as the drawer 14 assumes the fully openedposition without any further action needed by the user.

To move the drawer to its fully closed position, the user rotates bothrotatable locking arms 358 into a position parallel to the drawer glide334 as shown in FIG. 25A. The counterbalance force 354 will startpulling the drawer toward its fully closed position and, with additionalforce supplied by the user, can be easily moved to its fully closedposition where it will be locked in place, as described below.

It is anticipated that the flexible member 342 may be implemented usinga plastic coated stranded steel cable although other flexible materialscan be used. It is further anticipated that if a flexible member 342 ischosen which also has elastic properties, such as a rubber strand, thenthe tensional spring 344 may be eliminated. In such an embodiment,pulling on the flexible member 342 will place the member in a state ofexpansion, and the spring-like properties of the member will produce thenecessary counterbalance force.

The drawers 14 are shown in greater detail in conjunction with FIGS. 26,27 and 30-34 while a locking assembly is illustrated in conjunction withFIGS. 3B, 28 and 29. Turning to the locking assembly as shown in FIGS.3B and 28, the drawer 14 carried by each shelf 332 has a lockingassembly which includes a latch roller 370 which engages a strike plateformed by a notch 372 in member 392. (See FIG. 35A.) When each of thedrawers 14 is in its fully closed position, the latch roller 370 engagesstrike plate notch 372 so as to lock the drawer 14 in its fully closedposition. Also visible in FIG. 3A is an emergency unlatch rod 373,discussed below.

In the event of a power failure and it is necessary to unlock thedrawers, a manual override of the drawer locking system is provided. Asshown in FIG. 35B, the bottom of emergency unlatch rod 373 is accessiblewithin storage area 24. By pushing upward on rod 373, portions along therod push each latch roller 370 away from its associated notch 372. Thus,each of the drawers is manually unlocked and can be moved to its fullyopened position. A mechanical lock could be placed on the movable member373 to control access to the manual override.

Turning to FIG. 28, the latch roller 370 is carried by a latch pawl 374.Latch pawl 374 is connected to latch arm 376 at a first pivot point 377.The other end of latch arm 376 is connected to a solenoid 378. (See FIG.3B). Latch pawl 374 is also pivotally connected to a fixed member 380 ata second pivot point 381. A latch pawl return spring 382 is connectedbetween the latch pawl 374 and the fixed member 380. The connectionbetween spring 382 and latch pawl 374 is at a position opposite to thefirst pivot point 377 with respect to the second pivot point 381.

With reference to FIG. 29, if the control (remote) computer sends anappropriate command, the cabinet controller 18 forwards the command tothe appropriate drawer controller 46 which acknowledges receipt of thecommand by returning a command response to the control computer via thecabinet controller 18. The drawer controller 46 then begins to monitor adrawer release switch 386 (see also FIG. 26). When a worker presses thedrawer release switch 386, the drawer controller 46 issues a command toactivate the solenoid 378 (see also FIG. 3B). When the solenoid 378 isactivated, the latch arm 376 will be pulled downward in FIGS. 3B and 28,causing latch pawl 374 to rotate counterclockwise about second pivotpoint 381, overcoming the opposing tension applied by the latch pawlreturn spring 382. The rotation of the latch pawl 374, counterclockwiseas shown in FIGS. 3B and 28, moves the latch roller 370 away from andclear of the strike plate notch 372, thereby unlocking the drawer 14from the frame 330. The drawer release switch 386 is positioned on thedrawer 14 so as to allow the worker to positively grip the drawer 14while guiding and pulling the drawer 14 to its fully opened position.The activation of solenoid 378 can be timed so that the solenoid is notburned out should the user continue to hold drawer release switch 386 inthe closed position.

The drawer controller 46 monitors a drawer position switch 388 (see alsoFIGS. 3B and 28). Once the drawer 14 has been unlocked, and the drawer14 begins to move away from the frame 330, the drawer position switch388 will change state. After a slight delay, the drawer controller 46will disable drawer release switch 386.

To move the drawer from its fully open to its fully closed position, itis first necessary to rotate locking arms 358 into a horizontal positionas discussed above. The user then pushes the drawer back into the frame330. As the latch roller 370 encounters the strike plate notch 372, thelatch pawl 374 rotates away from the strike plate notch 372 inopposition to the force provided by spring 382 as a result of the userpushing the drawer 14 toward its fully closed position. After the latchroller 370 has cleared strike plate notch 372, spring 382 causes thelatch pawl 374 to rotate in a direction toward strike plate notch 372thus securing the latch roller 370 behind strike plate notch 372 andthereby locking the drawer 14 in its fully closed position.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that alternativeembodiments may be used to construct the electronic drawer lockassembly. Such embodiments include the solenoid 378 being connecteddirectly to the latch pawl 374, replacing linear solenoid 378 with arotary solenoid, further eliminating the need for various pivot points.Additionally, latch roller 370 could be replaced by a cam surface.Although in the present embodiment an unlock command from the controldevice and user input in the form of depressing drawer release switch386 are both required to unlock a drawer 14, in other embodiments usersmight elect to allow the drawer to be unlocked in response to either acommand from the control device or user input, without requiring boththe command and user input to be present.

FIGS. 30-34 illustrate various views of a drawer 14. As will be seenmost clearly in FIGS. 32, 33 and 34, each of the drawers 14 has a slopedbottom thereby enabling each of the drawers 14 to be received by one ofthe shelves 332 as will now be described.

One side of each drawer contains a protrusion 384 (See FIG. 27) whichextends through an opening 394 in shelf 332 (See FIG. 24). The otherside of the drawer has a catch tab 385 (See FIG. 27). In addition aspring tab 396 carried by shelf 332 (See FIG. 24) grips the bottom rearof the drawer. To remove a drawer, spring tab 396 is pulled downwardwhile the left side of the drawer is lifted upward away from shelf 332.When the left side of the drawer is sufficiently high above shelf 332,the protrusion 384 can be moved from opening 394 by lifting the drawerup and to the left. Other mechanisms for connecting the drawer to theshelf can be devised by those skilled in the art. The particularmechanism for connecting the drawer to the shelf is not important forpurposes of the present invention.

FIG. 36 illustrates a typical bulk medicament stock bottle 64 assupplied to a pharmacy by a medicament manufacturer. The bulk medicamentstock bottle 64 will generally contain a stock bottle bar code indicia287 which is unique to the medicament and may also contain a packagesize code which represents the quantity of medicament in the bulkmedicament stock bottle 64. The bulk medicament stock bottle 64 alsocontains textual information 288 specific to the batch or lot ofmedicament contained within bottle 64. A lot number 289 and expirationdate 290 are printed by the manufacturer when the medicament is packagedinto the bulk medicament stock bottle 64. The lot number 289 is used bythe pharmacy to track medicament dispensed to patients should themedicament be recalled by the manufacturer. The expiration date 290 isthe date by which the medicament must be repackaged into a patientprescription and sold by the pharmacy.

FIG. 37 illustrates a patient prescription sheet 291 printed by thepharmacy computer system for each patient prescription. The patientprescription sheet 291 comprises a vial label that is applied to theprescription vial 30, prescription bar code indicia 292, and medicamentbar code indicia 293, among others. The prescription bar code indicia292 is a machine readable indicia and represents the patientprescription and allows a dispensing computer 400 (See FIG. 38) toretrieve various elements of the patient prescription transmitted to thedispensing computer 400 by an interface to the pharmacy computer system.The various elements of the patient prescription electronicallytransmitted may comprise the prescription information (e.g. prescriptionnumber, refill number, number of refills, quantity), medicamentinformation (e.g. drug number, drug name, generic drug name, strength,dosage form, manufacturer/distributor), prescription label as requiredby the particular state pharmacy laws, patient information, prescribingdoctor information, order grouping information used to associate all ofthe patient prescriptions, a bag label to be placed on the completedprescription bag containing the prescription vial 30 and otherprescription instruction sheets or coupons, among others.

FIG. 38 illustrates a layout of a typical pharmacy utilizing themedicament dispensing cabinet 10, open shelving 298, dispensing computer400, cordless bar code scanner 294 (RF, IR, ultrasonic, etc.), handheldcomputer or handheld computer which incorporates a bar code scanningdevice 296, filling workstation 402, pharmacy system 403, data entryworkstation 404, pharmacist checking workstation 406, inventoryworkstation 410, an area for completed prescriptions generally known as“will call” area 412 and a check out station 414. Additionally, one ormore duplicate medicament dispensing cabinets 10, dispensing computers400, filling workstations 402, pharmacy systems 403, data entryworkstations 404, pharmacist checking workstations 406, inventoryworkstations 410, ‘will call’ areas 412 and check out stations 414 arealso intended to be within the scope of the present invention, which maybe used to simultaneously interact to properly fill and verify patientprescriptions. For example, multiple medicament dispensing cabinets 10,cordless bar code scanners 294 and handheld computers or handheldcomputers 296 which incorporates bar code scanning devices may be usedsimultaneously to properly replenish, operate and maintain the removabledispensing device 12 and dispensing cell 16.

Turning to FIG. 39 each worker 416 in the pharmacy is assigned anidentification badge 418 or bracelet (not shown) which contains bar codeindicia 420 that can be scanned by a bar code reader 422, cordless barcode reader 294 or handheld computer or handheld computer whichincorporates a bar code scanning device 296 or can be manually enteredinto one of the computers. FIG. 39 farther illustrates a medicamentdispensing system showing the various workstation configurations andfunctional interconnection of the components as they are used toimplement the processes of filling a patient prescription, replenishingthe removable dispensing devices 127 and maintaining or cleaning thedispensing devices 12. In the present embodiment, the fillingworkstation 402, dispensing computer 400, and the remainder of thepharmacy computer system are interconnected via a network providingintercommunication of files, data and instructions among the connectedcomputers and workstations. In addition, the remainder of the pharmacycomputer system may be further comprised of the data entry workstation404, checking workstation 406, inventory workstation 410, and a printer424.

In the present embodiment, the filling workstation 402 comprises acomputer, display, and keyboard although, as previously mentioned, theterms “computer”, “workstation” or the like are to be construed to meanany type of control device. The filling workstation 402 is responsive tothe bar code reader 422 and may control a printer such as prescriptionlabel printer 424. A radio frequency transmitter/receiver 428 may beprovided for communication with the cordless bar code scanner 294 andthe handheld computer or handheld computer which incorporates a bar codescanning device 296. The filling workstation 402 is connected to a firstmedicament dispensing cabinet 10 by the cable 20. Additional medicamentdispensing cabinets 10′ may be connected to the first medicamentdispensing cabinet 10 by the cable 22.

FIG. 40 is an illustration of a medicament dispensing system showing thefilling workstation 402 implemented by utilizing a dispensing computer400 to control the processes of filling a patient prescription,replenishing the removable dispensing devices 12, and maintaining orcleaning the dispensing devices 12. In the present embodiment, thedispensing computer 400, and pharmacy computer system are interconnectedvia a central network providing intercommunication of files, data andinstructions. The dispensing computer 400 is further connected to theradio frequency transmitter/receiver 428 for communication with, forexample, cordless bar code scanner 294 and handheld computer or handheldcomputer which incorporates a bar code scanning device 296. Thedispensing computer 400 may control the prescription label printer (notshown in FIG. 40). It should be apparent to those skilled in the art,however, that some of the components may be combined while remainingwithin the scope of the present invention. For example, the dispensingcomputer 400, radio frequency transmitter/receiver 428, and medicamentdispensing cabinet 10 may be combined into a single unit to perform thesame operations.

For simplicity of discussion, the filling workstation 402 and dispensingcomputer 400 as illustrated in FIGS. 39 and 40, respectively, are shownas separate components. Is should be apparent to those skilled in theart, however, that the functions of the filling workstation 402 anddispensing computer 400 are similar in scope and in general areinterchangeable with each other. Additionally, although in theembodiments shown, workers 416 identify themselves by badges orbracelets carrying bar codes, other forms of identification may be usedincluding radio frequency (RF) tags, among others.

FIG. 41 is a representation of a database 430, utilized by thedispensing computer 400 and by the pharmacy workers. The database 430has several fields, certain of which represent specific informationabout a specific worker. The database 430 has a personnel database 432which includes fields representing the worker's name or initials,password, badge or bracelet indicia, worker classification or securitylevel, medicament access security level, among others. Each worker isalso assigned configurable settings that allow them the ability to fillprescriptions, replenish or access the removable dispensing devices 12,and retrieve another worker's fill prescription request.

The worker classification may be selected from a group which comprises apharmacy technician, inventory clerk, pharmacist, or pharmacy manager(sometimes collectively referred to as a pharmacy worker). Each workerclassification allows the worker to access or perform differentfunctions or procedures within the dispensing computer 400. In addition,the worker classification defines a hierarchy to operating thedispensing computer 400. The pharmacy manager has the highest securitylevel and is allowed access to all dispensing computer functions,including maintaining workers and their worker classifications. Thepharmacist reports to the pharmacy manager and has the ability toperform tasks and override errors created by either a pharmacy worker orinventory clerk or other pharmacist but is restricted from modifying theworker database or each worker's classification. The pharmacy worker isallowed to operate the dispensing computer 400 to fill patientprescriptions; but may not be given access to all medicaments or may notbe given the ability to replenish the removable dispensing devices 12 orperform maintenance (including cleaning) of dispensing cells 16,collectively referred to as servicing. The inventory clerk is allowed toreplenish the dispensing devices 12, remove and replace removabledispensing devices 12 or return medicament to a dispensing device 11.

In addition, each worker is given a drug access level based on theirexperience and training. The medicaments used in a pharmacy areclassified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as beingOver-The-Counter (OTC), prescription (Rx), controlled substance (C2, C3,C4 or C5) or narcotic. These classifications determine the level oftraining or restrictions in handling while dispensing patientprescriptions or replenishing the removable dispensing device. Thedispensing computer 400 maintains two levels of drug access security. Ifa worker is assigned an access security level of ‘Controlled’, they mayaccess any medicament within the dispensing system. If a worker does nothave the ‘Controlled’ access security level, the dispensing computer 400will restrict their access to only the OTC or prescription drugs. Thedispensing computer 400 will check the access level required for allmedicaments in an entire dispensing drawer 14 before the worker will beallowed access. If the drawer contains a ‘Controlled’ medicament and theworker does not have access to ‘Controlled’ medicaments, the worker willnot be allowed to replenish, clean or maintain the removable dispensingdevice 12 or dispensing cell 16 requested by the worker. The allocationof responsibility/access may change from pharmacy to pharmacy orperiodically within a pharmacy. Security can thus be individualizedbased on employees as discussed above or based on dispensers (dispensingcell 16 plus dispensing device 12) as discussed below.

The dispensing computer 400 also maintains a database 434 of eachmedicament that may be dispensed from the medicament dispensing cabinet10. Each medicament is assigned a drug access level that corresponds tothe user drug access level. The medicament database is typicallymaintained only by a pharmacist or pharmacy manager.

The dispensing computer 400 also maintains a database 436 for eachdispensing cell 16 comprising dispensing cell indicia, e.g. bar code 44,textual drug description for display, textual drug number (NDC or DIN),removable dispensing device indicia 146 (see FIG. 11), medicament stockbottle indicia 287 (see FIG. 36), among others. Each dispensing cell 16may be associated to several medicament stock bottle indicia 287.

The database 430 also contains a prescriber database 440, patientdatabase 442, order database 444 and transaction database 446. Areplenish database 448 and site activity database 450 are provided, asare site information database 452, device type database 454 and sitedevice database 456 as shown in FIG. 41.

As will become more apparent from the description of various processesbelow, the present invention overcomes the problems inherent in othermedicament dispensing units and provides a medicament dispensing cabinet10 utilizing a removable dispensing device for dispensing specificquantities of bulk medicament 62 to fill a patient prescription. Themedicament dispensing cabinet 10 may utilize any of a wide variety ofdisplays to display and insure the proper pharmacy worker is retrievingthe proper medicament from the dispensing cell 16 for the patientprescription being filled by the dispensing cell 16. For example, eachmedicament dispensing cell 16 may contain the alpha-numeric display 38for indicating the worker's identification by displaying either theworker's initials or another code that is easily recognized by thepharmacy worker.

The medicament dispensing cell 16 may use the display 38 for clearlycommunicating various types of information to the pharmacy worker. Whenoperating in various secure modes, the drawer locking mechanism may beused for limiting access to the dispensing cell 16 and removabledispensing device 12. The electronically controlled chute gate 34 andgate release 36 may be used to insure medicament retrieval by the properpharmacy worker 416. The dispensing cell label 42 with bar code indicia44 may be used to positively identify the dispensing cell 16, removabledispensing device 12, and medicament 62. The medicament dispensingcabinet 10 of the present invention includes a means to positivelyindicate the current state of each dispensing cell 16 which includesdisplaying the operation being performed, the pharmacy worker associatedwith the task to be performed and other state specific informationneeded by the pharmacy worker to efficiently operate the medicamentdispensing equipment. However, the dispensing cell 16 can also beoperated in a “Baker Cell mode” in which the dispensing cell 16 simplycounts medicament.

Now referring to FIG. 42, the present invention includes a method fordirecting and tracking the patient prescription filling process andverifying the proper steps are taken by a pharmacy worker and recordingthe medicament and prescription filling details which occur during thepatient prescription filling process. During normal operation of themedication dispensing cabinet 10, the dispensing cell 16 is idle,waiting for instruction, e.g. from the dispensing computer 400.

The prescription filling process may be initiated in one of several waysas shown in FIG. 42. As shown at 458, a user may press the “local”button on a cordless bar code reader followed by scanning or entering acell number at 460. Additionally, the process could begin by entering acommand on a host computer or controller to enter the “local” mode asshown at 459. Thereafter, the system validates the cell number.Alternatively, as shown in block 462, the user may scan a drug numberbar code on a prescription label which causes the system to validate thedrug number, translate the drug number to the appropriate cell number,and validate the cell number. Alternatively, prescription filling couldbe initiated electronically by a host computer, or a controller such asthe AutoLink™ controller (available from McKesson Automation Systems) asshown at 463.

From either block 460, 462, or 463 the system then determines if usersecurity is enabled at 464. If user security has been enabled, then auser security procedure is performed as shown by block 466. Thatprocedure is described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 43. Afterperformance of the user security procedure, or if the user security wasnot enabled, the process proceeds with block 470. When the patientprescription is to be dispensed by a dispensing cell 16, the dispensingcomputer 400 instructs the appropriate dispensing cell 16 of the properquantity of medicament 62 to dispense at 470. As the medicament 62 isdispensed, the cell display 38 associated with the dispensing cell 16indicates the present quantity dispensed into the chute 32 located inthe dispensing cell 16.

When the patient prescription dispensing is complete, a determination ismade at step 468 as to whether the entire quantity was dispensed. If theentire quantity was dispensed, the pharmacy worker 416 is notified bythe drawer controller 46 through the illumination of the “READY”annunciator LED 40 or displaying a message on the cell display 38. Ifthe entire quantity was not dispensed, an error message is displayed at469 and the worker is advised that the prescription was only partiallyfilled.

After 469, or if the query at 468 is answered in the positive, theprocess continues with decision 472 where a determination is made if thesecure pick up procedure is enabled. If yes, the secure pick upprocedure is performed as shown by block 474 and described in detail inconjunction with FIG. 44. After the secure pick up procedure has beenperformed, or if the secure pick up procedure has not been enabled, theworker retrieves the medicament from the dispensing cell chute as shownby 476.

Based on the security configuration settings maintained by thedispensing computer 400, the dispensing cell's gate release 36 isenabled after the appropriate worker and dispensing cell identificationsecurity checks have been completed. Once these security verificationchecks have been successfully completed, the pharmacy worker 416 maypress the gate release 36 (with the prescription vial 30 under the chute32), which opens the electronically operated dispensing chute gate 34,allowing the medicament 62 to fall from the dispensing cell's chute 32into the patient's prescription vial 30.

Completing the description of the workflow illustrated in FIG. 42, afterthe worker retrieves the medicament, a determination is made at block478 if a back end verification procedure has been enabled. If theprocedure has been enabled, it is performed as shown by block 480 anddescribed in detail in conjunction with FIG. 45. After the performanceof the back end procedure or if the back end procedure has not beenenabled, the cell is released at 482.

The user security procedure 466 is illustrated in FIG. 43 and is used toinsure the worker security level will allow the worker to dispensemedicament from a dispensing cell 16 based on medicament configurationsettings maintained in the database in, e.g. the database 430. After theworker has initiated a medicament to be dispensed by one of the severalmethods illustrated in FIG. 42, the dispensing computer 400 directs theworker to scan their worker bar code indicia 420 on their identificationbadge 418 or bracelet. Other forms of user identification that could beimplemented are an RF tag assigned to each user, fingerprintrecognition, retinal scan, or other alternatives known in the art tospecifically and uniquely identify an individual. The dispensingcomputer 400 will verify the pharmacy worker 416 has a medicament accesslevel sufficient to dispense the medicament from the dispensing cell 16by going through the following sequence of questions:

User OK to fill from cell?

Controlled drug? If yes, is user OK to fill this controlled drug?

Valid cell number?

Cell number enabled?

Cell available?

If the worker has the correct medicament access level, and the cellnumber is valid, enabled and available, the dispensing cell 16 istemporarily assigned to the worker, if not, the cell is released.

The steps required for verifying the pharmacy worker or pharmacist whichoriginally initiated the dispensing event and for verifying that thecell 16 has the proper medicament access level, i.e. the secure pick upprocedure 474, are shown in FIG. 44. The worker is instructed by thedispensing computer 400, cordless bar code reader 294, or handheldcomputer or handheld computer which incorporates a bar code scanningdevice 296 at 484 to scan the dispensing cell bar code indicia 44 toidentify the dispensing cell 16 from which medicament 62 is beingretrieved by the pharmacy worker. If the identified dispensing cell 16contains medicament ready for pick up as shown at 486, the dispensingcomputer 400 then directs the worker to scan the worker bar code indicia420 of the worker's identification badge 418 or bracelet at 488. Thedispensing computer 400 verifies at 490, 492 and 494 that the medicamentaccess level of the worker will allow retrieval of the medicament in thedispensing cell 16. The dispensing computer 400 then verifies if theworker picking up the dispensed medicament is the same worker thatinitiated the dispensing event by checking if the dispensing cell wastemporarily assigned to this worker at 496. If there is a match, thedispensing computer 400 will enable the gate release 36 by sendinginstructions to the drawer controller 46 at 498. If the worker did notoriginally initiate the dispensing event, the dispensing computer mustcheck the worker database configuration setting to verify the workerseeking to retrieve the medicament has permission to retrieve a patientprescription initiated by another worker. If the worker is allowed topick up another worker's prescription as shown at 500, the gate release36 is enabled for the dispensing cell 16.

During continued use of the medication dispensing cell 16, the status ofthe dispensing cell may change and this state change may be indicated onthe appropriate dispensing cell annunciator LED 40 and/or the celldisplay 38. The dispensing cell 16 may indicate to the pharmacy worker416 when the removable dispensing device 12 should be replenished byilluminating the ‘MAINTENANCE’ annunciator LED 40 and also displayingadditional replenishment message information on the cell display 38.Should a problem be detected in the dispensing cell 16 or dispensingdevice 12, need for this type of service may be indicated using the‘ERROR’ annunciator LED 40 in combination with messages displayed on thecell display 38.

In some extremely busy pharmacies, the patient prescription filling taskis subdivided further and requires the dispensing computer 400 to allowa first pharmacy worker to initiate the medicament dispensing while asecond pharmacy worker retrieves the medicament 62 from the dispensingcell 16 upon completion as shown in FIG. 44. As discussed above inconjunction with FIG. 41, the dispensing computer 400 maintains apharmacy worker database 432 of security levels for each worker that maybe set which allows a worker to retrieve medicament from the dispensingcell initiated by another worker. This capability allows a secondpharmacy worker to initiate the secure pickup of a patient'sprescription from a dispensing cell while maintaining the verificationand pharmacy worker auditing trail needed in busy pharmacies. The samesecurity level for both fill and pickup can be enabled or disabledindependently.

Another level of pharmacy worker auditing captured by the dispensingcomputer 400 or other computer within the pharmacy network is the backend verification procedure shown in FIG. 45. That procedure requires thepharmacy worker identification bar code indicia 420 to be scannedimmediately after the medicament 62 retrieval from the dispensing cell16 as shown in FIG. 45 at 502. The dispensing computer 400 receives asignal from the medicament dispensing cabinet 10 indicating thedispensing cell 16 from which medicament 62 was retrieved. This signalis associated with the pharmacy worker 416 identified by the workeridentification badge scanned and verifies the correct pharmacy workerretrieved the patient prescription. The user ID is assigned to thefilled and picked up prescription as shown at 503.

The back end verification procedure can be expanded to allow the workerthe capability to instruct the dispensing computer 400 when themedicament 62 retrieved from the dispensing cell 16 will be returned tothe removable dispensing device 12. An example of such a “return tostock procedure” is illustrated in FIG. 45C. This procedure provides theuser with a way of dealing with a patient canceling a prescription, aprescription not being picked up, prescription errors that may be caughtafter the prescription has been initiated for dispensing, or returningstock after a cycle count. The return to stock portion of the back endverification process insures accurate inventory quantity records whilealso insuring the dispensing device's medicament integrity by directing,tracking and verifying the worker while performing the steps of thereturn to stock task.

The back end verification procedure can be further expanded to allow theworker to handle partial prescription fills when the dispensing deviceruns empty while dispensing a patient prescription as shown in FIG. 45A.

In FIG. 45A, after a dispensing location for filling has been selected,and the desired quantity requested, a check is made at 302 to ascertainthe inventory at that dispensing location. At 304, if the quantityrequested is less than the inventory at that location, a dispensingevent occurs at 306. At 308, a decision is made as to whether thedispense ran the inventory at that location to zero. Recall that in 304the quantity required was determined to be less than the currentinventory, so the determination at 308 will be negative leading to apick up event at 310 followed by the conclusion of the process.

If at 304 the quantity required was equal to or greater than theinventory at the dispensing location, a decision is made at step 312whether a partial dispense is acceptable. If not, the process terminateswith an appropriate message. If a partial dispense is possible, then adispensing event occurs at 306.

From 306, at decision 308, because the quantity required was greaterthan the inventory, this dispensing location has been emptied by thepartial fill, which may be picked up at 314. A decision is made at 316if the fill should be completed. If not, the process concludes; if yes,another location with the same drug is searched for at 318. If noautomated dispensing device is located, instructions are provided at 320to complete filling the prescription by hand. If, on the other hand, anautomated dispensing device is identified, then a dispensing eventoccurs at 322 for the remaining quantity. The partial fill process cantrack the identification of both the worker retrieving the firstprescription portion from the dispensing cell 16 and the workercompleting the second prescription portion, or the worker retrieving thesecond prescription portion from another dispensing cell 16, andfinalizing the complete prescription before it is checked by thepharmacist. Additional labels for multiple vials can be prepared asneeded.

Should a patient prescription require multiple prescription vials 30,the dispensing computer 400 will inform the worker of the vial sizeneeded for each portion of the complete prescription. An example of thatprocess in shown in FIG. 45B. The dispensing computer 400 maintains asite configuration allowing a patient prescription to be broken into‘Best Fit’ or ‘Same Size’ prescription medicament vials. The ‘Best Fit’setting would select from the available site medicament vial sizes tobest fill a prescription. When multiple vials are required, the largestmedicament vial size would be used on the first and subsequent portions;while the smallest medicament vial size needed for the remainder of theprescription would be used on the final portion. The ‘Same Size’ settingwould select from the available site medicament vial sizes to fill thecomplete prescription and all portions of the prescription would be inthe same medicament vial size. The dispensing computer 400 would informthe worker of the vial size to use and the medicament quantity todispense into each vial. Once all medicament vials 30 with theappropriate quantities were dispensed by a worker, the back endverification process would finalize the prescription as being completelyfilled and ready for checking by the pharmacist. The dispensing computer400 maintains a database of medicament vial sizes, volumetric capacityand the recommended fill level. The dispensing computer maintains amedicament volumetric database and the quantity of medicament pervolumetric standard which can be used to determine the appropriate vialsize for a patient prescription quantity. Various vial combinations maybe used, e.g., two medium vials instead of a large and a small vialbased on business rules that could include cost, stock on hand, etc. Themedicament volumetric database in the dispensing computer may beremotely updated on a periodic basis without intervention by a pharmacyworker.

Now referring to FIGS. 46A and 46B, the present invention includes amethod for verifying a pharmacy worker 416 correctly replenishes theremovable dispensing device 12 in a medicament dispensing cell 16 withthe correct medicament 62 retrieved from the pharmacy storage shelves298. The worker initiates the replenishment procedure on the dispensingcomputer 400, cordless bar code reader 294 or handheld computer orhandheld computer which incorporates a bar code scanning device 296 andis then instructed to scan the dispensing cell bar code indicia 44 onthe dispensing cell 16 to be replenished at 510. The workeridentification bar code indicia 420 is scanned and the dispensingcomputer 400 confirms at 512 if the worker is authorized to replenishthe identified cell. The dispensing computer 400 displays therecommended replenishment quantity and other medicament informationwhile also directing the worker to the bulk medicament stock shelf 298within the pharmacy at 514. The dispensing computer 400 insures thecorrect medicament bulk stock bottle 64 is retrieved from the shelf 298by requiring the pharmacy worker 416 to scan the bar code 287 located onthe bulk stock bottle 64 at 516. The dispensing computer 400 thencompares the bulk stock bottle bar code indicia 287 to the informationstored in a database of approved bar code indicia values for theappropriate removable dispensing device 12 as shown at 518.

The dispensing computer 400 instructs the worker to enter the expirationdate 290 printed on the bulk medicament stock bottle 64 at 520 and thencompares the expiration date to the current date at 522. If the bulkmedicament has expired, the worker is notified at 524 and prevented fromreplenishing the removable dispensing device 12. By checking theexpiration date, the dispensing computer 400 insures the medicament 62is not repackaged into patient prescriptions if it is beyond theexpiration date.

The dispensing computer 400 instructs the worker to enter the lot number289 printed on the bulk medicament stock bottle 64 at 526. If thecurrent removable dispensing device 12 inventory quantity is not zero,the lot number of the medicament remaining in the dispensing device 12at 528 is compared to the lot number 289 entered by the worker. If thetwo lot numbers do not match, the dispensing computer 400 must check amedicament dispensing system configuration setting for allowance ofmixed lot numbers. If the mixing of lot numbers is not allowed, theworker is prevented from replenishing the dispensing device 12. By thedispensing computer 400 preventing mixing of medicament lot numbers 289,the pharmacy can accurately track the specific medicament lot number 289used to dispense a patient prescription should the medicament berecalled by the manufacturer.

The pharmacy worker 416 and dispensing cell 16 are indicated bycorresponding bar code scans of the pharmacy worker identification badge418 and dispensing bar code indicia 44, respectively. The dispensingcomputer 400 confirms the pharmacy worker 416 is authorized to replenishthe identified cell and can access all other dispensing devices 12 inthe same dispensing drawer, and the correct medicament is available forthe dispensing device 12 replenishment before unlocking the medicamentdispensing drawer 14 through the process described above.

Once the dispensing cell 16 identification, pharmacy worker 416identification, bulk medicament stock bottle 64 identification,expiration date 290, and lot number 289 have been entered and verified,the dispensing computer 400 will instruct the drawer controller toenable the drawer release switch 386 as shown at 530. The pharmacyworker 416 then has access to the removable dispensing device 12 to bereplenished by pressing the drawer release switch 386 (see block 532)which actuates the electronic drawer locking mechanism into the unlockedposition allowing the dispensing drawer 14 to be extended from thecabinet 10 as shown at 534.

The medicament dispensing drawer controller 46 and cabinet controller 18monitor the drawer position switch 388 to confirm when a dispensingdrawer 14 is unlocked and extended from the cabinet 10 far enough tochange the state of switch 388. The dispensing drawer and cabinetcontrollers monitor the dispensing device switch 66 while the medicamentdispensing drawer 14 is unlocked and extended from the cabinet to insurethe correct dispensing device 12, and only the correct dispensing device12, is opened for replenishment as shown at 538. The worker has theoption of removing the dispensing device 12 from the dispensing cell 16to better position the removable dispensing device 12 in a moreconvenient location or position for pouting medicament 62 from the stockbottle 64 and then returning the removable dispensing device 12 to thedispensing cell 16. The dispensing computer 400 records the actions ofthe pharmacy worker 416 and will not dispense a patient prescriptionfrom a dispensing device 12 incorrectly opened during the replenishmentprocess. Once the pharmacy worker has replenished the dispensing cell12, the drawer controller 46, cabinet controller 18 and dispensingcomputer 400 monitor the dispensing device switch 66 and the drawerposition switch 388 to insure the dispensing cell lid 68 is closed andthe drawer 14 returned to the closed and locked position, respectively,before dispensing medicament from the dispensing cells within thedrawer.

The dispensing computer 400 instructs the pharmacy worker 416 to eitheraccept the default replenishment quantity maintained in the dispensingcomputer medicament database or enter the quantity of medicament addedat 540. The dispensing computer increases the dispensing cell inventorylevel by the quantity added and maintains this value in the dispensingcomputer medicament database at 542.

If during the replenishment procedure, and assuming appropriate securitymeasures are set to “on”, should the worker inadvertently open anincorrect removable dispensing device 12, the dispensing computer 400will require a pharmacist to correct the error. This insures themedicament 62 within each dispensing device 12 is correct. Thedispensing computer 400 will not dispense a patient prescription fromeither the dispensing cell associated with the dispensing device thatshould have been replenished or the dispensing cell associated with thedispensing device that was incorrectly opened by the pharmacy workerduring the replenishment process. The corrective actions taken by thepharmacist will be recorded by the dispensing computer 400. Thedispensing computer records the pharmacist identification provided by abar code scan of the pharmacist's identification badge 418 and thepharmacist scanning the dispensing cell bar code indicia 44 from eachdispensing cell checked or corrected by the pharmacist.

The pharmacy worker 416, e.g. inventory clerk, may initiate the cyclecount procedure shown in FIG. 46B for a particular dispensing cell 16.The worker is guided through the steps as shown in the box labeled 546to empty the removable dispensing device 12 of medicament 62 by thedispensing cell 16 operating and dispensing all medicament into thechute 32 for retrieval by the worker into a temporary container. Thedrawer controller 46 will pause the operation of the dispensing cellshould it dispense a quantity equal to the maximum capacity allowed inthe chute 32. The worker will be instructed to remove the medicamentfrom the chute by pressing the gate release 36 with the temporarycontainer under the chute. The drawer controller 46 will resume theinventory cycle count process once the worker has released the gaterelease 36 and the gate open sensor 59 detects the chute gate 34 is inthe closed position. When the drawer controller 46 has detected theremovable dispensing device 12 is empty, the drawer controller 46 willstop the dispensing and instruct the worker to retrieve the medicamentfrom the chute 32. The cell display 38 will indicate the total quantitydispensed during the cycle count procedure. The drawer controller 46 andcabinet controller 18 report the total quantity to the dispensingcomputer 400 and the worker will be allowed to accept this quantity asthe correct inventory quantity for the dispensing cell 16. Thedispensing computer 400 will record any variances for future processingor reporting. The worker is instructed to return the entire medicamentdispensed during the cycle count procedure back into the removabledispensing device 12. At this time, the inventory value maintained inthe dispensing computer is in agreement with the physical inventorystored in the dispensing cell 16. The dispensing computer 400 monitorsand tracks the worker and each step during the inventory cycle countprocedure until the dispensing drawer 14 is returned to the fully closedposition within the cabinet 10 and is in the locked position.

In summary, the dispensing computer 400 will direct, track and verifythe worker during the replacement of the dispensing device 12 into thedispensing cell 16. The dispensing computer directs the worker toidentify the dispensing device 12, dispensing cell 16 and worker byscanning each item's unique bar code indicia. The dispensing computerthen directs the worker to the dispensing cell, illuminates the‘MAINTENANCE’ annunciator LED 40, displays an appropriate message on thecell display 38 and unlocks the dispensing cabinet drawer 14 containingthe dispensing cell 16. The dispensing computer 400 verifies the workeris allowed to access the dispensing device 12 identified by thedispensing cell bar code indicia 44 and all other dispensing devices inthe dispensing drawer before unlocking the dispensing drawer. Thedispensing computer monitors the dispensing device switch 66 to insurethe proper dispensing device 12 was opened or inserted into the properdispensing cell 16.

The dispensing computer 400, or other computer within the pharmacysystem, indicates to the pharmacy worker 416 when each dispensing cell16 requires cleaning to maintain optimal dispensing cell performance.The dispensing computer 400 maintains two cleaning cycle fields for eachdispensing cell. See FIG. 41 database 434. The first cleaning cyclefield is the quantity of medicament to be dispensed from the removabledispensing device 12 before the ‘MAINTENANCE’ annunciator 40 isilluminated, indicating to the worker the dispensing cell should becleaned. The second cleaning cycle field is the number of days betweeneach cleaning cycle. Once the dispensing computer determines thedispensing cell has not been cleaned in this number of days, the‘MAINTENANCE’ annunciator LED 40 is illuminated. The pharmacy worker 416may initiate the cleaning procedure from the dispensing computer 400,cordless bar code scanner 294 or handheld computer or handheld computerwhich incorporates a bar code scanning device 296. Referring to FIG. 47,the worker will be instructed to scan the dispensing cell bar codeindicia 44 for the removable dispensing device 12 to be cleaned at 550.The worker 416 identification bar code indicia 420 must also be scannedand the dispensing computer 400 verifies the worker is allowed to cleanthe identified cell and may access all cells in the dispensing drawer 14at 552. At 554, electronic drawer locking mechanism may be actuated bythe worker pressing the drawer release switch 386 to unlock thedispensing drawer 14 containing the dispensing device 12 and dispensingcell 16. The drawer controller 46 and cabinet controller 18 monitor thedispensing device switch 66 to verify the worker removes the correctdispensing device 12 from the dispensing cell 16 and the drawer positionswitch 388 to verify when the drawer is closed.

After the dispensing device and or dispensing cell have has beencleaned, or other maintenance performed, the pharmacy worker 416 mustinitiate the dispensing device insertion procedure on the dispensingcomputer 400, cordless bar code scanner 294 or handheld computer orhandheld computer which incorporates a bar code scanning device 296. Theworker will be directed through the proper steps required to return aremovable dispensing device 12 to a dispensing cell 16. The dispensingcell must be identified by scanning the dispensing cell bar code indicia44 and then the worker identified by scanning his indicia 420. Thedispensing computer 400 verifies the worker is allowed to return adispensing device 12 to the dispensing cell 16 and can access any cell16 within the dispensing drawer 14. The electronic drawer lockingmechanism may be actuated by the worker pressing the drawer releaseswitch 386 to unlock the dispensing drawer 14 containing the dispensingdevice 12 and dispensing cell 16. The drawer controller 46 and cabinetcontroller 18 monitor the dispensing device switch 66 to verify theworker inserts the dispensing device into the correct dispensing cell.When the dispensing device is inserted into the dispensing cell, thedispensing cell tab 70 actuates the dispensing device switch 66. Thedrawer controller 46, cabinet controller 18, and dispensing computer 400monitor the drawer position switch 388 to indicate the drawer has beenclosed and the dispensing device insertion procedure completed. Once thedispensing device has been correctly inserted, the worker may indicateto the dispensing computer the cleaning process was completed whichresets the quantity dispensed and number of days between cleaningintervals.

The present invention thus includes a pharmacy medicament filling systemutilizing the medicament dispensing cabinet 10, dispensing device 12,and prescription 292 or medicament 293 bar codes from a patientprescription label sheet 291 to initiate, direct, record and verify eachpatient prescription filled in the pharmacy. Referring to FIG. 42, thefilling workstation 402 can receive orders for patient prescriptions viaan electronic interface connected to the pharmacy computer system or viaa bar code scanner (422, 294, or 296) in communication with the fillingworkstation 402. The pharmacy worker 416 can initiate the dispensing ofa patient prescription by scanning the patient prescription label barcode 292 (See FIG. 37), scanning the dispensing cell label bar code 44(see FIG. 2A), or selecting the proper command on an input device of acontrol device. When the pharmacy worker initiates the filling of apatient prescription by scanning the patient prescription label bar code292, the filling workstation 402 may decode the data value into twocomponents; the first component being a drug number which is associatedwith a dispensing cell 16 by, e.g., the dispensing computer 400, and thesecond component representing the quantity of medicament 62 desired.When the pharmacy worker 416 initiates a patient prescription byscanning the dispensing cell bar code label 44, the pharmacy worker 416would be required to enter the quantity into the cordless bar codereader 294 or handheld computer or handheld computer which incorporatesa bar code scanning device 296 as indicated on the patient'sprescription label sheet 291.

The cordless bar code reader 294 or handheld computer or handheldcomputer which incorporates a bar code scanning device 296 provide theworker complete mobility while performing the tasks of filling a patientprescription, replenishing a dispensing cell, and removing or insertinga removable dispensing device. The dispensing computer 400 receives thespecific bar code indicia values of the dispensing cell 16 to insure theworker is physically positioned in front of the dispensing cell 16 toprevent errors from being introduced into a patient prescription. Thecordless bar code reader 294 or handheld computer which incorporates abar code scanning device 296 also allows the pharmacy worker to fillpatient prescriptions using non-automated medicament dispensers withsimilar verification and monitoring steps while providing the mobilityto perform these filling tasks throughout the pharmacy and at thepharmacy worker's convenience. The worker is provided access to patientprescription data from the dispensing computer 400 while operatinganywhere within the pharmacy. This mobile access improves the efficiencyof the pharmacy worker while decreasing the time needed to fill eachprescription, and also reducing the potential for errors.

Regardless of the method used to initiate the filling of a patientprescription, the pharmacy worker identification must be provided to thedispensing computer 400 e.g., by using a bar code reader (422, 294 or296) to scan the pharmacy worker's identification badge 418. Thedispensing computer 400 will verify the pharmacy worker 416 hasauthorization to operate and dispense medicament 62 from the medicamentdispensing cabinet 10. If the worker fails to retrieve the medicament 62from the dispensing cell 16 within a prescribed time, the worker will berequired to re-initiate the secure pick up procedure. When the workeridentification bar code indicia 420 is scanned and input to thedispensing computer 400 to initiate retrieval of the patientprescription, the worker must retrieve the medicament from thedispensing cell's chute 32 before another retrieval is initiated by theworker or another worker. This insures that only one dispensing cell'sgate release 36 is activated at a time preventing incorrect medicamentdispensing. However, if a worker is physically in front of a cell, andthe cell's bar code indicia 44 is scanned and input to the dispensingcomputer to initiate retrieval of the patient prescription, multipledispensing cell gate releases 36 may be activated at a time because theworkers are physically close to the dispensing cell 16, preventingincorrect medicament dispensing.

Some medicaments, such as narcotic or controlled substance medicaments,may have further handling restrictions requiring a secondary securitycheck to be made by the dispensing computer 400 to insure the pharmacyworker 416 may dispense, replenish or maintain these medicaments. Asdiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 41, the dispensing computer 400, orother computer within the pharmacy network, maintains a database ofpharmacy workers and their security level. In addition, the database ofpharmacy workers includes such fields as the pharmacy worker's name,initials, password, identification badge bar code indicia 420, securityauthorization level for dispensing, replenishment, access to normalmedicament, and access to narcotic or controlled medicament, amongothers.

FIG. 48 is a flow chart illustrating an error message routine. The errormessage routine illustrated in FIG. 48 may be called in connection withany of the procedures previously discussed which requires the generationof an error message. As shown in FIG. 48, the error message is displayedat 560 followed by an acknowledgement by the worker at 562. Thereafter,the routine illustrated in FIG. 48 is exited.

While the present invention has been described in connection withpreferred embodiments thereof, those of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize that many modifications and variations are possible. Forexample, it is anticipated that by providing one or more switches oneach dispensing cell 16, the dispensing cabinet 10 may be placed in abypass mode. Using the switches, a number can be input to a dispensingcell which then operates to dispense the quantity of medicament manuallyset by the user via the switch. Another example of a modification is touse the cycle count procedure of block 546 of FIG. 46B in a pre-packmode. Pre-pack, as the term implies, involves a situation where apharmacy knows that it is going to sell a particular drug in aparticular count. As a result, vials with that drug and that count arefilled ahead of having a prescription for them such that when aprescription is received, the “pre-pack” need only be labeled. The cyclecount would be modified so that the dispensing cabinet 10 is informedthat the medicament is being removed, and will not be replaced after thecycle count. Another variation involves modifying the secure pick upprocedure so as to be used with other dispensing devices. For example,if the dispensing device is a Baker cell, the user scans the cell'slocation, at which time the controller dispenses, the pills. The userthen retrieves the pills and scans her ID if security requires such ascan. The difference in the procedures is that the dispensing does nottake place until the dispensing location has been scanned by the user,meaning that the user is at the correct location. Such modifiedprocedures are also applicable to RxPorts. The present invention isintended to be limited only by the following claims and not by theforegoing description which is intended to be exemplary and notlimiting.

1. A medicament dispensing cabinet, comprising: a frame; at least onecontroller; a plurality of drawers, each of said drawers movably carriedby said frame and each defining a plurality of dispensing cells; aplurality of removable dispensing devices, each carried by one of saiddispensing cells; each of said dispensing cells further comprising: asensor operating in conjunction with said controller for countingmedicament dispensed from one of said removable dispensing devices; achute for receiving medicament dispensed from one of said removabledispensing devices; and a chute gate for controlling access to saidchute.
 2. The cabinet of claim 1 wherein each dispensing celladditionally comprises a chute gate release responsive to saidcontroller for controlling said chute gate.
 3. The cabinet of claim 2wherein each dispensing cell additionally comprises a chute gate sensorconnected to said controller and responsive to the position of saidchute gate.
 4. The cabinet of claim 1 wherein said chute gate iscomprised of a flexible material.
 5. The cabinet of claim 1 wherein eachdrawer additionally comprises an electronic lock responsive to saidcontroller.
 6. The cabinet of claim 5 wherein each drawer additionallycomprises a drawer position sensor connected to said controller andresponsive to the position of said drawer.
 7. The cabinet of claim 1wherein each dispensing device additionally comprises a lid, and whereineach dispensing cell additionally comprises a dispensing device sensorconnected to said controller and responsive to said lid of one of saiddispensing devices.
 8. The cabinet of claim 1 wherein each draweradditionally comprises a drawer release switch operable by a user andconnected to said controller.
 9. The cabinet of claim 1 wherein eachdispensing cell additionally comprises a cell display responsive to saidcontroller.
 10. The cabinet of claim 1 wherein each dispensing celladditionally comprises an annunciator responsive to said controller. 11.The cabinet of claim 1 wherein each dispensing cell additionally carriesa machine readable indicia and wherein each removable deviceadditionally carries a machine readable indicia.
 12. The cabinet ofclaim 1 wherein each dispensing device additionally comprises a motorfor providing rotary motion to one of said removable dispensing devicesin response to said controller.
 13. The cabinet of claim 1 additionallycomprising a counterbalance, each of said drawers being responsive tosaid counterbalance such that only one drawer can be fully open at atime.
 14. The cabinet of claim 1 wherein said drawers are carried bydrawer glides mounted at an angle with respect to said frame.
 15. Amedicament dispensing cabinet, comprising a frame; a plurality ofdrawers, each of said drawers movably carried by said frame and eachdefining a plurality of dispensing cells; at least one controller; aplurality of dispensing devices, each removably carried within one ofsaid dispensing cells, each dispensing device comprising an upper hopperdefining a storage chamber having an upper opening for receiving amedicament and a lower opening, a lower hopper having an upper openingand a lower opening in a bottom portion thereof, said lower hopperdefining a dispensing chamber having a rotatable dispensing discpositioned in a lower portion of said dispensing chamber for dispensingmedicament from said dispensing device from said lower opening in saidlower hopper, and a regulator situated between said upper hopper's loweropening and said lower hopper's upper opening for controlling the rateat which medicament moves from said storage chamber to said dispensingchamber; each of said dispensing cells further comprising: a motor forproviding rotary motion to one of said dispensing discs in response tosaid controller; a sensor operating in conjunction with said controllerfor counting medicament dispensed from said lower opening in one of saidlower hoppers; a chute for receiving medicament dispensed from saidlower opening in said one of said lower hoppers; and a chute gate forcontrolling access to said chute.
 16. The cabinet of claim 15 whereineach dispensing cell additionally comprises a chute gate releaseresponsive to said controller for controlling said chute gate.
 17. Thecabinet of claim 16 wherein each dispensing cell additionally comprisesa chute gate sensor connected to said controller and responsive to theposition of said chute gate.
 18. The cabinet of claim 15 wherein saidchute gate is comprised of a flexible material.
 19. The cabinet of claim15 wherein each drawer additionally comprises an electronic lockresponsive to said controller.
 20. The cabinet of claim 19 wherein eachdrawer additionally comprises a drawer position sensor connected to saidcontroller and responsive to the position of said drawer.
 21. Thecabinet of claim 15 wherein each dispensing cell additionally comprisesa dispensing device sensor connected to said controller and responsiveto said lid of one of said dispensing devices.
 22. The cabinet of claim15 wherein each drawer additionally comprises a drawer release switchoperable by a user and connected to said controller.
 23. The cabinet ofclaim 15 wherein each dispensing cell additionally comprises a celldisplay responsive to said controller.
 24. The cabinet of claim 15wherein each dispensing cell additionally comprises an annunciatorresponsive to said controller.
 25. The cabinet of claim 15 wherein eachdispensing cell additionally carries a machine readable indicia andwherein each removable device additionally carries a machine readableindicia.
 26. The cabinet of claim 15 additionally comprising acounterbalance, each of said drawers being responsive to saidcounterbalance such that only one drawer can be fully open at a time.27. The cabinet of claim 15 wherein said drawers are carried by drawerglides mounted at an angle with respect to said frame.
 28. A medicamentdispensing cabinet, comprising: a frame; at least one controller; aplurality of selectively accessible compartments mounted on said frame,each of said compartments defining a plurality of dispensing cells; aplurality of removable dispensing devices, each carried by one of saiddispensing cells; each of said dispensing cells further comprising: asensor operating in conjunction with said controller for countingmedicament dispensed from one of said removable dispensing devices; achute for receiving medicament dispensed from one of said removabledispensing devices; and a chute gate for controlling access to saidchute.
 29. The cabinet of claim 28 wherein each dispensing celladditionally comprises a chute gate release responsive to saidcontroller for controlling said chute gate.
 30. The cabinet of claim 29wherein each dispensing cell additionally comprises a chute gate sensorconnected to said controller and responsive to the position of saidchute gate.
 31. The cabinet of claim 28 wherein each compartmentadditionally comprises an electronic lock responsive to said controller.32. The cabinet of claim 31 wherein each compartment additionallycomprises a compartment position sensor connected to said controller andresponsive to the position of said compartment.
 33. The cabinet of claim28 wherein each compartment additionally comprises a compartment releaseswitch operable by a user and connected to said controller.